Compact Heat Exchangers transformer at a given flux density increases with frequency by operating at higher frequencies, transformers can be physically more compact because a given core is able to transfer more power without reaching saturation and fewer turns are needed to achieve the same impedance. Compact Heat Exchangers, frequencies used for some railway electrification systems were much lower than normal utility frequencies for historical reasons concerned mainly with the limitations of early electric traction motors. As such, the transformers used to step-down the high over-head line voltages were much heavier for the same power rating than those designed only
Power transformer over-excitation condition caused by decreased frequency; flux , iron core's magnetic characteristics and magnetizing current.
Compact Heat Exchangers of a transformer at its designed voltage but at a higher frequency than intended will lead to reduced magnetizing current. At a lower frequency, the magnetizing current will increase. Operation of a transformer at other than its design frequency may require assessment of voltages, losses, and cooling to establish if safe operation is practical. For example, transformers may need to be equipped with 'volts per hertz' over-excitation relays to protect the transformer from overvoltage at higher than rated frequency.